What do you think true love is?
Do you believe in soulmates?
Do you believe in love at first sight?
Do you believe fate plays a hand in finding love?
What do you consider to be romantic?
Should we fall in love with a friend, what had
we better do?
Do you think true love can conquer all?
Is honesty always the best policy, even if it
hurts? Justify.
What is the ideal age to start dating?
Do you know your boyfriend/girlfriend’s
favorite: color, movie, food, and song?
PRE-READING
Pair up or gather in small groups to answer the following questions.
4 Língua Inglesa
1
Don’t Be Afraid To Say You’re Sorry
by Joana
When i was 6 years old i saw him; his name was Chris and he was 12. All the girls in that neighbourhood
were head over heels in love with him so for a while i thought there was no hope for me… but i was so
wrong.
The day i realised he felt the same about me was also the day i lost him. I listened to a “friend” of mine,
which was a mistake, and he got mad at me; still he came back but none of us was able to say anything, we
just stood there looking at eachother. It broke my heart that i didn’t tell him what i had to say: that i was sorry
and that i was in love with him. I saw him again the following years but i was in a car or something else with
other people and he was walking down the street so i couldn’t talk to him.
I find it hard to believe that i lived all these years without him and i wish that i could meet him again and
get to know him. What if it is too late?
A. How old was the author when she first saw her beloved one?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
B. Why does the author use quotation marks (“ ”) to refer to friend?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
C. Why did they break up?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
2
Careful What You Wish For…
by Hellion
She was my fallen angel, sent from above to save my torchered soul. She carried such inocense and she
seemed so sincere with her powers she opened my eyes to what could be and what soon would be. In time
she brought me through into the world of the living, a world of great opportunity and world of peace.
Days soon changed to months and months changed to years and life was all I ever dreamed it would be.
I worked while she went to college then she left to finish her schooling while I stayed. Nothing bothered me
we kept in contacted everyday and I went to see her when I could, still everything was the best as it had
always been. After her she came back she had changed somehow, everybody noticed but me. To me she
was still my angel but I guess I was blinded by the future for we had been engaged, and we had our eyes
on a home. We were going to have everything, but it was not meant to be. It wasn’t even six months and
she said goodbye. No discussion, no warning and no excuse, just goodbye.
A. Como o autor descreve a sua amada?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
B. Como você descreveria o autor? Justifique.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
C. Na sua opinião, por que eles se separaram?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
READING
Read the excerpts below and correct any mistakes you may find: spelling, verb
concord, punctuation, word choice, etc. Then answer the questions which follow. Use
your dictionary to help you.
Língua Inglesa 5
3
Broken Heart
by Michelle
Jason was the love of my life. We had been together for 5 ½ years. He was everything to me. There
wasn’t anything that I wouldn’t do for him. Until that one day I ruined everything. I did the worst thing I could
possibly do to a person. I took the trust and faith that I had in him and I throught it down the drain. I accused
him of cheating on me. I was told from a friend that he was involved with another girl.
My life shattered. Instead of asking him I jumped to conclusions and I didn’teven listen to him. Now
my whole life, my committment, everything I lived is gone. Hopefully, in time he will forgive me and we will
have the beautiful wedding we had planned. All I can say is I’m lost without him. I feel as though my best
friend has died and I never got the chance to say goodbye.
This story is for my beloved fiancee who I lost due to jealousy.
A. Why did she break up with her fiance?
_________________________________________________________________________________
B. Was he really cheating on her? Explain.
_________________________________________________________________________________
C. How does she feel now?
_________________________________________________________________________________
D. What would you have done if you had been in her shoes?
_________________________________________________________________________________
4
Letting Him Go
by Lindsey
After he left me I felt lost and scared, he really had no reason to do so but I was dead inside without him,
for almost a year he had been in my life. Now it was all over because he needed space. The night it
happened I went over to my cousins house because I didnt want to be alone. No one could say or do
anything to make me feel better, all I wanted was him. After a few weeks things werent any better and out
of the blue he called me, we talked for almost 3 hours, he said he thought that maybe he had made a
mistake! I was so happy to hear that! After that we dated for about 3 months but then things turned for the
worse and he stopped calling and we didnt see each other for months.
Before too long it was to late for us, we had grown so far apart that we didnt even know each other
anymore.
After about 4 months. I called him and told him I was lost without him and didnt know where I belonged
without him. He said he had felt the same way for such a long time but didnt know how to tell me, but things
just wouldnt work for us right. Our lives were going in two different directions. I knew he was right and I knew
that I was going to have to let go. So I did, It was hard but we are still really good friends and even go on
some dates every now and then, it wont ever be the same but I’m glad that he was my first love.
from: www.lovingyou.com
A. How many times did they break up?
_________________________________________________________________________________
B. Por que ela foi dormir na casa da prima?
_________________________________________________________________________________
C. Eles ainda se encontram? Explique.
_________________________________________________________________________________
6 Língua Inglesa
VOCABULARY EXPANSION
1 Explain the meaning of the words below, considering the context they appear. These words are in bold in
the pre-reading and reading activities you have just done.
a) soulmates ________________________________________________________________________
b) love at fi rst sight __________________________________________________________________
c) play a hand _______________________________________________________________________
d) true love _________________________________________________________________________
e) fl attering _________________________________________________________________________
f) head over heals in love ______________________________________________________________
g) realize __________________________________________________________________________
h) to break a heart ___________________________________________________________________
i) to be engaged _____________________________________________________________________
j) cheat on _________________________________________________________________________
k) jump to conclusion _________________________________________________________________
l) it’s all over ________________________________________________________________________
m) out of the blue ____________________________________________________________________
n) every now and then ________________________________________________________________
o) go on dates ______________________________________________________________________
2 Fill up the chart below with the missing words. Use your dictionary to help you.
Verb Noun Adjective Adverb Past Form
mistake
to fall
meant
faith
hopefully
to lose
Vocabulary Expansion
Língua Inglesa 7
8 Língua Inglesa
GRAMMAR FOCUS
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Subtle Signs _ at
Show You’re Interested
by Dating Editors
You’ve met someone who’s a potential love interest, or you might have a secret crush. So, how do you
go about showing those people you’re interested in them without going overboard? Take some advice on
subtle signs you can give from these people.
Bel: I spend extra time around them and care for them.
Jesus: I talk to them and _ irt.
Célia: When the person is speaking I listen to what he says, and show that I am attentive and
enjoy it when he is speaking.
Susie: Eye contact is de_ nitely a good sign. I often _ nd myself smiling at them, talking to them,
and sometimes joking about dating them to get a reaction. If the reaction is a good one,
then I admit my interest.
Sérgio: Just be extra friendly to the person you’re interested in. When at a party, cast him your
best smile. If men can put their best foot forward so can women.
Eric: Talk to them whenever you can. Flirt with them; say little things that aren’t too noticeable
that could clue him/her into the fact that you like them.
Direct and Indirect Speech
Língua Inglesa 9
REPORTED SPEECH – PRESENTATION
Há duas formas de se contar algo que alguém disse:
Diretamente – Direct Speech – usando quotation marks:
Bel says: “I spend extra time around them and care for them.”
Jesus says: “I talk to them and _ irt.”
Indiretamente – Indirect Speech – reportando o que foi dito:
Bel said she spent time around them and cared for them.
Jesus said he talked to them and _ irted.
Quando usamos indirect speech (ou reported speech), usamos reporting verbs no simple past tense.
Direct speech Luana says: I try to make eye contact with them.
Indirect speech Luana said she tried to make eye contact with them.
Direct speech Lucas explains: You can judge by their reaction if they have similar feelings.
Indirect speech Lucas explained (that) you/we could judge by their reaction if they had
similar feelings.
Note:
Observe que, além da
utilização de reporting
verbs (such as tell and say)
no simple past, há outras
alterações também, como
quanto ao uso do tempo
verbal, dos pronomes e
advérbios.
Direct and Indirect Speech
10 Língua Inglesa
REPORTING VERBS
Esses são os verbos que introduzem o discurso indireto. É importante que você conheça grande parte
deles, para que a ideia a ser expressa esteja clara. Para tal, con_ ra a lista abaixo e faça o exercício proposto.
Match the reporting verbs below with their de_ nitions.
admit a) communicate information to someone __________
advise b) express an idea, feeling, thought, etc. using words.
announce c) state o_ cially __________
answer d) announce publicly or o_ cially __________
ask e) make (someone) agree, understand, or realize the truth of something
assure f ) give advice __________
claim g) refuse to give up or change your mind __________
complain h) de_ ne and make understandable __________
con_ rm i) make a proposal, declare a plan for something __________
convince j) an assertion that something is true or factual __________
declare k) declare to be true __________
explain l) express discontent, displeasure, or unhappiness __________
insist m) inform with certainty and con_ dence __________
say n) speak or write to someone try to change someone’s mind. __________
suggest o) make a request for help, advice, information, etc. __________
tell CHECK YOUR COMPREHENSION
1 Read the following examples and write in the most suitable reporting
verb. You may have to change the form of the verb.
A. Stop worrying so much, he _____________________ her.
Everything will be ok.
B. The student _________________ her teacher that she would
be late the next day.
C. He called his wife to tell her that he had been involved in a car
accident. __________ her that he wasn’t badly hurt.
D. A: Where are you off to?
B: I’m going round to Bill’s place.
A: I thought you were going to stay home tonight.
B: Well, I was but he ___________ me to go and see him.
E. He _____________that he hadn’t been telling the truth.
F. A: Who are you talking to?
B: I’m on the phone. I’m ___________ our reservation for tonight.
G. During the convention he ____________ that he was retiring the next year, after 25 years service. He
__________ that he would be very sad to leave the company.
p) give a reply to a question, phone, door, letter, etc. __________
Note:
Say x Tell
Célia said (that) when the
person was speaking she listened
to him.
Célia told me (that) when the
person was speaking she listened
to him.
Be careful:
Say é seguido da frase, ou seja,
do que é dito.
Tell é seguido da pessoa, daquele
que ouve.
Reporting Verbs
Língua Inglesa 11
2 Match the sentences to the reporting verbs.
1 Please, please, please can I go on holiday
with my friends? Please. A She claimed that she’s going on holiday
with her friends.
2
If you let me go on holiday with my friends I
promise I’ll study really hard in school next
term and will clean my bedroom every day.
B She repeated that she’d like to go on
holiday with her friends.
3 As I told you before, I’d like to go on holiday
with my friends. C She assured her parents she’d behave on
holiday.
4
Excuse me, I have something to tell you.
I’m going on holiday with my friends this
summer.
D She mentioned that she was going on
holiday with her friends.
5
This summer I’ll take some French classes,
learn how to drive and go on holiday with…
some friends.
E She insisted that she was going on holiday
with her friends.
6 Me? What am I doing this summer? Er… I’m,
uh, going on holiday with some friends. F She begged her parents to let her go on
holiday with her friends.
7 I promise my friends and I will behave
ourselves on holiday. G She stated that she was going on holiday
with her friends.
8 Don’t worry. Nothing bad will happen to me
on holiday. I’ll be perfectly safe. H She announced that she was going on
holiday with her friends.
9
I’m going on holiday with my friends this
summer and I’d like to make sure that our
travel arrangements are still ok.
I She admitted that she’d already arranged
a holiday with her friends.
10 I’m going on holiday with my friends
this summer. J She confi rmed her holiday plans.
11 I don’t care what you say. I am going on
holiday with my friends. K She tried to persuade her parents to let her
go on holiday with her friends.
12 Ok, ok it’s true. I have booked a holiday with
my friends this summer. Do you forgive me? L She reassured her parents about her
holiday.
1 ___________________________________ 7 _______________________________________
2 ___________________________________ 8 _______________________________________
3 ___________________________________ 9 _______________________________________
4 ___________________________________ 10 ______________________________________
5 ___________________________________ 11 ______________________________________
6 ___________________________________ 12 ______________________________________
Reporting Verbs
12 Língua Inglesa
VERB TENSE CHANGES
IMPERATIVES
Direct speech Eric: “Talk to them whenever you can.”
Indirect speech Eric told me to talk to them whenever I could.
Nós usamos o imperativo para reportar:
•Instructions
Direct speech “Turn right at the _ rst tra_ c light”, Luiz told me.
Indirect speech He told me to turn right at the _ rst tra_ c light.
•Commands
Direct speech “Go away.”
Indirect speech Mário told me to go away.
•Requests
Direct speech “Could you please erase the board?”
Indirect speech Cláudia asked him to erease the board.
•Invitations
Direct speech “Would you join us for dinner?”
Indirect speech Jesus invited us to join them for dinner.
Direct and Indirect Speech
Língua Inglesa 13
CHECK YOUR COMPREHENSION
Read the advice that TV news commentator John Stossel gave viewers about the common and very
dangerous problem of feeling sleepy when driving. Rewrite his advice in indirect speech.
a) Pull over and take a brief nap. He told them to pull over and take a brief nap.
b) Don’t take a long nap. He advised them not to take a long nap.
c) Don’t drink coffee. _________________________________________________________________
d) Open your window. _________________________________________________________________
e) Let cold air in. _____________________________________________________________________
f) Be careful when you stop your car. _____________________________________________________
g) Don’t stop on a deserted roadside. _____________________________________________________
OTHER CHANGES
Quando o reporting verb está no simple past tense, o verbo no indirect speech é modi_ cado.
Compare:
Direct speech Célia: When the person is speaking I listen to what he says, and show that
I am attentive.
Indirect speech Célia said when the person was speaking she listened to what he said, and
showed that she was attentive.
Direct speech Indirect speech Examples
Simple Present
is/am/are/do
Simple Past
was/were/did
He said, “It’s great.”
He said it was great.
Present Continuous
is/am/are + verb + ing
Past Continuous
was/were + verb
+ ing
“I´m leaving,” she said.
She said she was leaving.
Simple Past
was/were/did/went
Past Perfect
had been / had
done /
had gone
“I did that,” she admitted.
She admitted she had done that.
Present Perfect
have/has done Past Perfect
had done
He said to her: “I’ve never seen that woman.”
He told her he had never seen that woman.
Simple Future
will + verb
Simple Conditional
would + verb
“I will travel after work.”
He told her.
He told her he would travel after work.
Can + Verb Could + verb “I can meet you at the club.”, she told him.
She told him she could meet him at the club.
May + Verb Might + verb
“Next year may be too late for us.”, she told them.
She told them the next year might be too late for them.
Direct and Indirect Speech
14 Língua Inglesa
Quando o reporting verb está no presente, não há mudança de tempo verbal no reported speech.
Compare:
Direct speech Bel: I spend extra time around them and care for them.
Indirect speech Bel: says (that) she spends extra time around them and cares for them.
Adverbs of time
Direct speech Indirect speech Examples
Now _ en “I want to go now.”, she said.
She said she wanted to go then.
Tomorrow _ e next day
_ e following day
“I will see you tomorrow,” he told me.
He told me he would see me the next day.
Yesterday _ e day before
_ e previous day
“He arrived yesterday,” she said.
She said he had arrived the day before.
Next… _ e next… “I will see you next week,” she said.
She said she would see me the next week.
Last… _ e… before
_ e previous…
“We met last year.”, she said.
She said we had met the year before.
Today _ at day “We’ll go out later today,” he said.
He said they would go out later that day.
Adverbs of place and demonstratives
Direct speech Indirect speech Examples
_ is that Ana to Paulo: “I wrote this letter.”
Ana told Paulo she had written that letter.
_ ese those Júlia to Loan: “Carry these boxes, please.”
Júlia asked Loan to carry those boxes.
Here there Carolina: “I saw a guy here:, she said.”
Carolina said she had seen a guy there.
Direct and Indirect Speech
Língua Inglesa 15
MODAL VERBS IN REPORTED SPEECH
Some modal verbs don’t change in reported speech
should, could, might, ought to, would
Esses verbos não mudam no reported speech.
Compare:
Direct speech Indirect speech
“You should go to the doctor’s,”
she told me.
She told me (that) I should go
to the doctor’s.
“I could swim fast when I was young,”
she said.
She said that she could swim
fast when she was young.
“_ e plane might be late,”
they informed.
_ ey informed (us) that the plane
might be late.
“You ought to hurry up to catch the bus,”
he told us.
He told us that we ought to hurry up
to catch the bus.
“I would love to see that _ lm,”
Julian replied.
Julian replied he would love
to see that _ lm.
Note:
Must
Na transformação para o reported speech, algumas gramáticas sugerem que must seja substituído
por had to.
Compare:
Direct speech Indirect speech
“Tom must leave”, she told us.
“You must _ ll up the form before boarding the
plane, Mr. Collins.”, the secretary informed him.
She told us Tom had to leave.
_ e secretary informed Mr. Collins he had to
_ ll up the form before boarding the plane.
Direct and Indirect Speech
16 Língua Inglesa
LET’S PRACTICE
1 Read this student’s essay. Find and correct ten mistakes in the use of indirect statements. The fi rst mistake
is already corrected.
Once when I was a teenager, I went to my Aunt Leah’s house. Aunt Leah collected pottery, and when
told
I got there, she said me that she wants to show me her new bowl. She told she has just bought it. It was
beautiful. When Aunt Leah went to answer the door, I picked up the bowl. It slipped from my hands and
smashed to pieces on the fl oor. When Aunt Leah came back, I screamed and said what the cat had
just broken your new bowl. Aunt Leah got this funny look on her face and told me that it isn’t important.
I didn’t sleep at all that night, and the next morning, I called my aunt and confessed that I have
broken her bowl. She said I had known that all along. I promised that I am going to buy her a new
one someday. We still laugh about the story today.
2 Read what someone reported about the weather forecast. Then check the sentence that shows the
weather forecaster’s exact words.
A. She said it was going to be a terrible storm.
It was a terrible storm.
It’s going to be a terrible storm.
B. She said the winds might reach 170 miles per hour.
The winds may reach 170 miles per hour.
The winds would reach 170 miles per hour.
C. She said there would be more rain the next day.
There will be more rain the next day.
There will be more rain tomorrow.
D. She told people that they should try to leave the area.
You should have tried to leave the area.
You should try to leave the area.
E. She said that they could expect a lot of damage.
We can expect a lot of damage.
We could expect a lot of damage.
3 Rewrite each sentence as reported speech with tense changes.
a) ‘I get up every day at 6.30,’ she said.
She said (that) she got up every day at 6.30.
b) ‘I forgot to phone the doctor,’ he said.
He _________________________________
c) ‘Everybody likes comedy fi lms,’ he said.
He _________________________________
d) ‘I’m thinking about it,’ he said.
He _________________________________
e) ‘I was reading the paper,’ she said.
She ________________________________
f) ‘Scientists don’t understand everything,’
she said.
She ____________________________________
g) ‘I’ve decided to look for a new job,’ he
said.
He _____________________________________
h) ‘I can swim 5,000 metres,’ he said.
He said _________________________________
i) ‘I’m going to have a baby,’ she said.
She ____________________________________
j) ‘I’ll phone on Friday,’ he said.
He _____________________________________
The Weather Watch on Channel 5
Direct and Indirect Speech
Língua Inglesa 17
4 Transform the sentences below into reported speech.
a) Please, don’t tell your mother! (She asked me)
________________________________________________________________________________
b) I swear I won’t tell your mother, Sue! (He promised Sue)
________________________________________________________________________________
c) I can phone my doctor. (She told me)
________________________________________________________________________________
d) I won’t repeat what he has told me. (She agreed)
________________________________________________________________________________
e) We’ll clean your fl at after our party. (They promised Mary)
________________________________________________________________________________
f) I prefer this blue dress here. (She insisted)
________________________________________________________________________________
g) You ought to have your car serviced, dad! (He advised his father)
________________________________________________________________________________
h) How do we fi nd your village? (They asked us)
________________________________________________________________________________
i) Get yourself ready before lunch. (She told me)
________________________________________________________________________________
j) I am very tired. She said she ______________________________________________ tired.
k) You must declare everything, the customs told us _______________________________.
l) We ’re leaving the town now. He told me they _______________________________ the town.
5 Rewrite these statements as reported speech. Make all necessary changes.
a) “I’II see Sally this week.”
He said he would see Sally that week.
b) “I work for a travel agency.”
She said ____________________________
___________________________________
c) “You’ll have an exam tomorrow.”
The teacher told us ____________________
___________________________________
d) “I think the fi lm is brilliant.”
John said ___________________________
___________________________________
e) “I can’t go to the party toninght.”
She said _____________________________
___________________________________
f) “I don’t think it’s a very good idea.”
He told us ____________________________
___________________________________
g) “I’m thinking of going to England this summer.”
She said ____________________________
___________________________________
h) “I have my car here, so I can give you a lift.”
She told him __________________________
___________________________________
Direct and Indirect Speech
Only One
by Alex Band
My eyes are painted red
_e canvas of my soul
Is slowly breaking down,again
Today I heard the news
_e stories getting old
When will we see the end?
Of the days, we bleed, for what we need
To forgive, forget, move on
Cause we’ve got
One life to live
One love to give
One chance to keep from falling
One heart to break
One soul to take us
Not forsake us
Only one
Only one
_e writing’s on the wall
_ose who came before
Left pictures frozen still, in time
You say you want it all
But whose side you’re _ghting for?
I sit and wonder why
_ere are nights, we sleep, while others they weep
With regret, repent, be strong
Cause we’ve got
One life to live
One love to give
One chance to keep from falling
One heart to break
One soul to take us
Not forsake us
Only one
Just you and I
under one sky
One life to live
One love to give
One chance to keep from falling
One heart to break
One soul to take us
Not forsake us
Only one
Only one
One life to live
One love to give
One chance to keep from falling
One heart to break
One soul to take us
not forsake us
Only one
LET’S SING - FUN TIME
Vocabulary in
Context
Encontre no contexto as
palavras que signi_cam:
_____ = tela para pintura.
_____ = sangramos
_____ = perdoar
_____ = seguir em frente
_____ = abandonar
_____ = parado
_____ = chorar
_____ = arrepender por
algo errado que você fez.
18 Língua Inglesa
Língua Inglesa 19
CULTURE CORNER
Following, you can check on some of their fomous works.
Claes Oldenburg made Giant Ice Bag in 1969-1970. Installation: vinyl,
steel, motors and fans, _ berglass, lacquer. It is in Geroges Pompidou
Center, Paris.
Roy Lichtenstein, from “Ten Works by Ten Painters”, created Sandwich and
Soda, in 1964. Screenprint on acetate. It is in Tate Gallery, London.
Andy Warhol made Gold Marilyn Monroe in 1962. Synthetic polymer paint,
silkscreened, and oil on canvas. It is in the Museum of Modern Art, NY.
Roy Lichtenstein created Vicki in 1964. Enamel on steel. It is in Minneapolis
Institute of Arts.
An art movement and style that was originated in England
in the 1950s and made its way to the United States during
the 1960s. Pop artists have focused attention upon
familiar images of the popular culture such as billboards,
comic strips, magazine advertisements, and supermarket
products. Leading exponents are Richard Hamilton
(British, 1922), Andy Warhol (American, 1928?1930? -
1987), Roy Lichtenstein (American, 1923-1997), Claes
Oldenburg (American, 1929-), Jasper Johns (American,
1930-), and Robert Rauschenberg (American, 1925-).
Pop Art
Culture Corner
20 Língua Inglesa
Richard Hamilton (English, 1922-) created Interior II in 1964. Oil,
cellulose paint and collage on board. It is in Tate Gallery, London.
Andy Warhol (American, 1928-1987) made Campbell’s Tomato Soup in 1962. Oil
on canvas.
Roy Lichtenstein (American, 1923-1997) created Mustard on White in
1963. Magnacolor on Plexiglass. It is in Tate Gallery, London.
Roy Lichtenstein painted Whaam! in 1963. Acrylic and
oil on canvas. It is in the Tate Gallery, London. _
Andy Warhol created Campbell’s Soup Cans, in 1962. Synthetic
polymer paint on thirty-two canvases. It is in the Museum of
Modern Art, NY.
Roy Lichtenstein made Brushstroke in 1965. Screenprint on paper. It is in
Tate Gallery, London.
Andy Warhol made Self-Portrait in 1966. Silkscreen ink on synthetic polymer paint on nine canvases.
It is in the Museum of Modern Art, NY.
Roy Lichtenstein made Explosion in 1965-6. Lithograph on paper. It is in Tate Gallery,
London.
Roy Lichtenstein made Wall Explosion II in 1965. Enamel on steel relief. It is in
Tate Gallery, London.
from: www.artlexonpopArt.com
Culture Corner
Língua Inglesa 21
VOCABULARY EXPANSION
1 Identify the words and expressions below in the passage you´ve just read
and match column 1 to 2.
COLUMN 1 COLUMN 2
billboard esmalte
leading aço
oil paint relevo
collage ventilador
plexiglass importante; principal pintura a óleo
canvas torcer; contorcer
enamel cuspir
steel pingar; babar
lithograph áspero; grosseiro
relief direto; franco
polymer colagem
vinyl litografi a
fan marca de um plástico
twist outdoor
spit composto químico; polímero
drip vinil
coarse
blunt
substância similar ao vidro, que é colocada
sobre o metal, argila, etc. Para decoração.
2 Refer to the text on Pop Art to fi ll up the chart below.
artist work of art year it was made technique / instalation place it is
Andy Warbol
synthetic polymer paint on
32 canvases.
Gold Marilyn
Moroe
1962 Museu of Modern
Art, NY.
Self-portrait
Geroges Pompidou
Center, Paris.
1963 Tate Gallery,
London.
acrylic and oil on canvas.
Sandwich and
Soda.
Roy Lichtenstein
screen print on paper
Quote: “...
• I am for an art that
takes its forms from
the lines of life itself,
that twists and extends
and accumulates and
spits and drips and is
heavy and coarse and
blunt and sweet and
stupid as life itself.”
Claes Oldenburg
Vocabulary Expansion
22 Língua Inglesa
FOCUS ON LANGUAGE
Suffixes and Prefixes
In English there are many word beginnings (pre_ xes) and word endings (su_ xes) that can be added to
a word to change its meaning or its word class.
Examinado o cartoon acima, identi_ camos três exemplos quanto ao uso de su_ xos: babelicious, exactly,
e matched. O su_ xo –ous é formador de adjetivos: courageous, furious. O su_ xo –ly também é formador
de adjetivos – friendly, silly – bem como de advérbios: slowly, nicely. Já o su_ xo – ed é formador de
verbos no passado – played, traveled – e de adjetivos: tired, colored.
A compreensão desses su_ xos e pre_ xos é muito útil no momento da leitura de textos, pois eles são, na
verdade, instrumentos de inferência e/ou atribuição de signi_ cados.
Muitos são os pre_ xos e su_ xos utilizados na formação das palavras. Listaremos aqui apenas os mais
importantes.
Suffixes and Prefixes
Língua Inglesa 23
A. Suffixes
Noun Formation
_ e endings -er, -ment and -ation can be
added to many verbs to form nouns.
-er
O su_ xo -er unido ao verbo forma um noun
person, ou seja, um substantivo que realiza a ação
do verbo.
Verb Su_ x Noun
to sing
-er
singer
to drive driver
to teach teacher
to write writer
to open opener
to read reader
to employ employer
Jorge Amado was one of the best Brazilian writers.
Bus drivers are on strike again.
A can ope opens cans.
Outros noun (person) su_ xes:
Su_ x Examples
-or actor; advisor
-ist _ orist; typist
-cian musician; clinician
-ment
Verb Su_ x Noun
to develop
-ment
development
to pay payment
to retire retirement
to treat treatment
to employ employment
to adjust adjustment
to commit commitment
Note: Observe que o su_ xo -ment, unido ao verbo,
forma a noun thing, ou seja, um substantivo coisa.
_ e workers will receive their payment soon.
_ ere are treatments for AIDS.
_ e development of a child.
–ation
Verb Su_ x Noun
to organize
-ation
organization
to administer administration
to examine examination
to frustrate frustration
to associate association
to admire admiration
to civilize civilization
She has to improve her organization.
Our party preparation is _ nished.
Her admiration grew bigger and bigger.
-ity e -ness
Os su_ xos -ity e -ness podem ser acrescentados
aos adjectives e, assim, formarem nouns:
Adjective Su_ x Noun
stupid
-ity
-ty
stupidity
cruel cruelity
real reality
obese obesity
pure purity
noble nobility
Obesity in childhood may be dangerous.
Reality can be something hard to face.
Her stupidity made her choose the wrong guy.
Suffixes and Prefixes
24 Língua Inglesa
Adjective Su_ x Noun
dark
-ness
darkness
happy happiness
rich richness
blind blindness
kind kindness
polite politeness
Her blindness made her marry the wrong guy.
Kindness is always necessary.
Happiness is not easy to _ nd.
Other noun (thing) su_ xes:
Su_ x Examples
-ism - socialism; communism
-nce - excellence; intelligence
-age - marriage; mileage
-ship - friendship; membership
-hood - neighborhood; childhood
Adjective Formation
Os su_ xos -y, -ic, -ical, -ful e -less podem ser
acrescentados a nouns e formarem adjectives.
-y
Noun Su_ x Adjective
ice
-y
icy
dirt dirty
smell smelly
luck lucky
risk risky
stick sticky
_ ey took their dirty clothes to the laundry.
He was lucky to _ nd her in the party.
It is risky to walk at night.
-ic ; -ical
Noun Su_ x Adjective
logic
- ical
- ic
logical
biology biological
grammar grammatical
poetry poetic
economy economic
economical
atom atomic
_ at car is not very economical.
_ is book contains grammatical exercises.
_ e atomic bomb.
-ful (cheio de...)
Noun Su_ x Adjective
pain
-ful
painful
hope hopeful
care careful
use useful
It is a painful process. It causes lots of pain.
You must be careful while driving.
It is a useful instrument.
-less (sem…)
Noun Su_ x Adjective
pain
-less
painless
hope hopeless
care careless
use useless
_ is process causes no pain. It is painless.
He has no care. He is careless.
_ ey have no hope. _ e situation is hopeless.
Suffixes and Prefixes
Língua Inglesa 25
-able (capaz, possível de…)
Verb Su_ x Adjective
wash
-able
washable
love lovable
debate debatable
break breakable
change changeable
forget forgettable
_ is blouse is washable. (It’s possible to be washed).
_ e girl is lovable. (She has qualities to be loved).
_ at experience is forgettable. (You can forget).
Other adjective su_ xes:
Su_ x Examples
-ent - excellent; permanent
-ant - important; constant
-ive - expensive; naive
-ous - courageous; jealous
-ible - possible, feasible
_ ose are intelligent guys.
Expensive cars for rich people.
_ ey are courageous people.
Verb Formation
Os su_ xos -ize e -ify podem ser acrescentados
a substantivos e adjetivos para formarem verbos.
-ize
Adjective Su_ x Verb
legal
-ize
legalize
american americanize
modern modernize
popular popularize
industrial industrialize
_ nal _ nalize
_ ey need to modernize the equipment in this factory.
Divorce is legalized in most countries.
_ e discussion was _ nalized yesterday.
-ify
Adjective Su_ x Verb
beauty
-ify
beautify
liquid liquify
pure purify
simple simplify
note notify
just justify
Nothing justi_ es her behaviour. – to justify
_ e water must be purified before drinking - to purify
_ ey were noti_ ed - to notify
Other verb su_ xes:
Su_ x Examples
-en - soften; strengthen
-ate - populate; separate
We need to strengthen our faith.
_ ey got separated.
Adverb Formation
O su_ xo -ly pode ser acrescentado à maioria
dos adjetivos para a formação de adverbs.
Adjective Su_ x Adverb
easy
-ly
easily
quick quickly
real really
stupid stupidly
regular regularly
_ is exercise can be easily done.
You are really a good friend.
She regularly goes to the club.
Suffixes and Prefixes
26 Língua Inglesa
B. Prefixes
Opposites
Os seguintes pre_ xos podem ser acrescentados
ao início de várias palavras, dando a elas sentidos
opostos. Às vezes, porém, não dão a ideia de
oposto, mas de uma ideia contrária aquela inicial.
–un –im –ir –il
Pre_ x Adjective Examples
unhappy
unhappy
fortunate unfortunate
forgettable unforgettable
comfortable uncomfortable
im- mature immature
in- discreet indiscreet
ir- rational irrational
il- legal illegal
_ ey are really unhappy to live in the streets.
_ at song is unforgettable.
_ is car is not comfortable. It is uncomfortable.
–dis
Pre_ x Examples
disagree
disagree
approve disapprove
honest dishonest
_ at man is not honest. He is dishonest.
I don’t agree with you. I disagree.
I can’t approve of it. I totally disapprove of it.
-de
Pre_ x Verb Examples
decentralize
decentralize
increase decrease
en_ ate de_ ate
_ ey decided to decentralize the power in that
company.
_ e population hasn’t increased in India. It has
decreased.
-non (not)
Pre_ x Verb Examples
nonsense
nonsense
smokers non-smokers
essential non-essential
_ ction non-_ ction
_ is room is for those who don’t smoke. Only for
non-smokers.
_ is is non-essential. You can exclude it if you want to.
_ is is non-_ ction. It’s real life.
–mis (in a wrong way)
Pre_ x Verb Examples
misplace
misplace
understand misunderstand
She misunderstood my intentions.
_ ey misplaced the book and now I can’t _ nd it.
Suffixes and Prefixes
Língua Inglesa 27
CHECK YOUR COMPREHENSION
1 Identify each of the following words as a noun-thing (NT), a noun-person (NP), an adjective (ADJ), an
adverb (ADV), or a verb (V).
_______ a) heighten _______ k) employment
_______ b) careful _______ l) programmer
_______ c) communism _______ m) government
_______ d) lovely _______ n) alcoholism
_______ e) cashier _______ o) hopeless
_______ f) forgetful _______ p) capable
_______ g) jealous _______ q) strengthen
_______ h) musician _______ r) notify
_______ i) tourist _______ s) personify
_______ j) employer _______ t) personality
2 Com as palavras dadas a seguir, forme substantivos que denotem coisas ou pessoas.
argue – argument teach - teacher
a) real ________________________________ i) invest __________________________________
b) move ______________________________ j) advice _________________________________
c) invent ______________________________ k) relation ________________________________
d) special _____________________________ I) govern _________________________________
e) elect _______________________________ m) journal ________________________________
f) intelligent ____________________________ n) employ ________________________________
g) confuse _____________________________ o) happy _________________________________
h) sing ________________________________ p) write __________________________________
3 Modifi que as palavras a seguir em adjetivos.
expense – expensive
a) excellence __________________________ g) help ___________________________________
b) care _______________________________ h) use ___________________________________
c) fame _______________________________ i) forget __________________________________
d) home ______________________________ j) impress _________________________________
e) danger _____________________________ k) courage ________________________________
f) economy ____________________________ l) hope ___________________________________
Suffixes and Prefixes
28 Língua Inglesa
4 Match the words with the defi nitions.
dishonest – disloyal – irrational – joyful – non-essencial – uncomfortable – unhappy – unforgetable
misplace – illegal – useless – hopeless – unlucky – misunderstand – homeless – careful – careless
unforgettable – careless
impossible to forget – unforgettable
a) not loyal ______________________ g) with no home _____________________
b) not rational ______________________ h) full of care _____________________
c) possible to wash ______________________ i) not comfortable _____________________
d) not legal ______________________ j) not honest _____________________
e) with no use ______________________ k) not happy _____________________
f) with no hope ______________________ l) without care _____________________
5 Read the text below to do the tasks which follow.
Bryn Terfet has signed up to be a special travel ambassador for his
native North Wales. The bass-bantone opera star, whose family
home is near Caemarfon is happy to sign the praises of the land
where he grew up as he issues a personal invitation to visit for a
short break.
“North Wales is undoubtely for me a special and
unique place; from music and maritime to food and
fl ying, the regions diverse calendar is packed with
cultural events all year round.”
“I can hardly believe that this is the 9th year of my
Faenol Festival; candles, champagne, picnics and of
course great music. It’s a sight to behold.”
“I founded this festival for people to see and hear
the fabulous musicians perform in the open air with the
glorious mountains of Snowdonia as a back drop.”
“Get off the beaten track and fi nd yourself in
the Welsh countryside which is often magnifi cent,
sometimes magical. If the walking, the scenery, the
castles or the mountains are not enough then join us
for a night celebration of music and Welsh traditions.”
“Come and be part of it.”
Book online with no booking fee at www.brynfest.com
www.breaksnorthwales.co.uk
from:www.breaknorthwales.co.uk
Suffixes and Prefixes
Língua Inglesa 29
a) Classify the following words as to the word class they belong. Consider the context they appear. Then,
circle the affi xes present in their formation.
ambassador – native – family – happy – personal – invitation – undoubtedly – special – cultural – hardly –
festival – musician – glorious – magni_ cent – magical – scenery – celebration – tradition.
Word Word Class A_ x
ambassador noun su_ x -or
native
family
happy
personal
invitation
undoubtedly
special
cultural
hardly
festival
musician
glorious
magni_ cent
magical
scenery
celebration
tradition
b) Qual é a profi ssão de Bryn Terfet? Onde ele cresceu e em que lugar mora a sua família?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
c) What is Terfet’s opinion about North Wales?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
d) Quem é o fundador do Faenol Festival, e qual foi o seu objetivo?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
e) What can we enjoy in the Welsh countryside?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Suffixes and Prefixes
Love, like a river, will cut a new
path whenever it meets an obstacle.
Crystal Middlemas
LET’S PRACTICE – READING AND WRITING
Pair up to read the quotes and poems below. Afterwards do the suggested tasks.
_ere is no remedy for love but
to love more.
_oreau
Friends will come and friends will go,
_e seasons change and it will show,
I will age and so will you,
But our friendship stays, strong and true.
Unknown
Grow old along with me the
best is yet to be.
Robert Browning
What I Love About You
I love the way you look at me,
Your eyes so bright and blue.
I love the way you kiss me,
Your lips so soft and smooth.
I love the way you make me so happy,
And the ways you show you care.
I love the way you say, I Love You,
And the way you’re always there.
Crystal Jansen
I love the way you touch me,
Always sending chills down my spine.
I love that you are with me,
And glad that you are mine.
Crystal Jansen
Love is patient, love is kind.
It does not envy, it does not boast,
it is not proud.
It is not rude, it is not self-seeking,
it is not easily angered,
it keeps no record of wrongs.
Love does not delight in evil
but rejoices with the truth.
It always protects, always trusts,
always hopes, always perseveres.
Love never fails.
_e Bible: 1 Corinthians 13:4
What a grand thing, to be loved!
What a grander thing still, to love!
Victor Hugo
One word frees us of all the
weight and pain of life:
that word is love.
Sophocles
If you have it [love],
you don’t need to have anything else.
If you don’t have it,
it doesn’t matter much what else you do have.
Sir James M. Barrie
Friends
_ere’s nothing as nice as someone who shares,
your laughter, your secrets, your wishes and cares,
someone who’s there through your good times and tears,
who stays by your side as your friend through the years.
Autymn Skillings
I believe in angels,
_e kind that heaven sends,
I am surrounded by angels,
But I call them friends.
Aizabel Parinas
Who knows where the road will lead us
Only a fool would say,
But if you let me love you
I’m sure to love you all the way.
- From the song All _e Way -
by Frank Sinatra
Reading and Writing
30 Língua Inglesa
VOCABULARY EXPANSION
1 All these words are in the quotes and poems you have just read. Complete the chart below in pairs. Use
your dictionary to help you.
Verb Past Forms Noun Adjective Adverb Meaning
to marry – married – married marriage married – casar
to envy
proud
remedy
truth
to trust
hopefully
to fail
strong
delight
smelly
bright
COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS
A. What are these poems and quotes about?
________________________________________________________________________________
B. Which quote compares love with material possessions? What does the author say about it?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
C. O que Sophacles disse sobre o amor?
________________________________________________________________________________
D. According to Thoreau, what’s the remedy for love?
________________________________________________________________________________
E. What is Browning’s proposal? Explique em português.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
F. A quê Crystal Middlemas compara o amor? Como ela explica?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
G. What does Aizabel Parinas compare friends to?
________________________________________________________________________________
H. What is the most special thing to Victor Hugo?
________________________________________________________________________________
Vocabulary Expansion
Língua Inglesa 31
Língua Inglesa
WRITING
Write a card to your honey bee or to a very close friend. You can make a poem, or write down
the top 10 reasons why you love her/him. Here some romantic nicknames suggestions: baby, sweetie,
honey-honey bee, sweatheart, darling, honey bunny, pumpkin, love, babe, angel, princess.
32
Writing
PRE-READING
Colloquial English
Here are 4 sentences: a main sentence and 3 alternate colloquial sentences. Check the sentence which
is the opposite of the main sentence (=which does not have the same meaning as the main sentence).
1 I”m cold!
a) I’m freezing! b) I’m burning up! c) I’m a popsicle! (Am.E)
2 He stayed calm!
a) He didn’t bat an eyelid! b) He saw red! c) He was as cool as a cucumber!
3 I’m hungry!
a) I’m famished! b) I’m stuffed! c) I’m starving!
4 It’s very clean!
a) It’s fi lthy! b) It’s spotless! c) It’s as shiny as a new pin!
5 He’s stupid!
a) He’s thick! b) He’s a real egghead! c) He’s dumb! (Am.E)
NOTE (Am.E) = American English
Slangs
Take a look at these words:
Slang Meaning
wanna want to, want a
oughta ought to
lotta lot of
gonna going
gotcha I got you
gimme give me
dunno don’t know
Now use one of these words to fi ll in these sentences:
a) I’m _____________ get you!
b) Then he grabbed hold of me and said “_____________________!”
c) Thief: “Just shut up and _______________________ the money!”
d) Sorry, I can’t stay. I _______________________ go now.
e) Whant’s his name? I ___________________________________.
f) Go away! I don’t __________________________ talk to you.
g) I think you __________________ talk to him before it’s too late.
h) This is going cost you a whole _______________________ money.
Língua Inglesa 33
1
5
10
15
20
READING
Read the text below to answer the questions which follow. Remember to apply all reading strategies
you’ve learned so far.
Goodbye to hi and hey to catch ya
_ e English language of the Internet and in particular that of electronic messaging is turning into
a young person’s patois made up of greetings, farewells and other terms from all over the world.
Dear Sir , Good morning and even Hi have given way to the likes of Yo , G’day , Wotcha and
Wassup and the young and happening of today no longer sign o_ with Yours faithfully or Best wishes ,
but with Hasta la vista , Catch ya , In a while and Adiós .
Instant messaging, which is considerably faster than email, is currently the way to communicate
over the Internet. In the UK alone, about 45 million of these instantaneous messages are sent every day.
A recent survey of British Internet users has revealed that among frequent instant message senders
the most common greeting these days is Hey , a modernization of Hi . Almost as popular is Yo , a
greeting associated with today’s hip hop culture, but which was _ rst recorded in English in the middle
of the _ fteenth century. Wassup , a contraction of What’s up , is another of the most popular greetings.
Wassup _ rst entered the English language in the 1970s, originating in Jamaican patois. A recent highpro
_ le television advertising campaign for a well-known alcoholic beverage has rapidly propelled
Wassup into the mainstream.
Today’s favoured farewells are equally eclectic and include Ciao , Au revoir , Hasta la vista and the
more home-grown See ya , Catch ya , In a while and Laters .
Instant messaging, with its emphasis on speed and brevity, encourages shortening and abbreviation.
It is also easier to experiment and be creative with written language than with the spoken word and
today’s technology means that new phrases and new uses of existing ones can go round the world in a
matter of hours and can become established almost as instantaneously as they are sent. And perhaps
most importantly, the Internet as a social medium is the domain of the young and it is natural for them
to wish to put their stamp on it. So, if you feel awkward using Yo , Catch ya and Laters then you’re
better o_ acting your age and sticking to the mundane, but safe, Hi , Best wishes and See you soon .
www.onestopenglish.com
VOCABULARY EXPANSION
Pair up to do these activities.
1 Scan paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 to answer these questions.
a) What is patois (line 2)?
_________________________________________________________________________________
b) What is the meaning of happening (line 4)?
_________________________________________________________________________________
c) Which pop groups and songs, actors and fi lms, fashion styles, etc are happening at the moment?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
d) Is there a difference in meaning between instant (line 6) and instantaneous (line 7)?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
34 Língua Inglesa
2 The word high can often be found in compounds. Look at the words below and answer the questions.
a) What is the meaning of high-profi le (line 12)?
_________________________________________________________________________________
b) Match each compound adjective with its defi nition.
1. high-class A. important and powerful in a company or organization.
2. high-fl ying B. involving people in important or powerful positions.
3. high-level C. showing strong moral principles.
4. high-minded D. of high rank or status.
5. high-powered E. successful and determined to achieve more things.
6. high-up F. very good in quality and very expensive.
3 Scan paragraphs 4 and 5 to answer these questions.
a) What is the meaning of propelled (line 13)?
b) Where would you fi nd a propeller and a propellant?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
c) What is the mainstream (line 14)?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
d) Home-grown has two meanings in the dictionary. What are these?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
e) Which of the two meanings is used in the text (line 16)?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
4 Read the last paragraph of the text and answer the questions. Use your dictionary to help you.
a) What is the meaning of brevity (line 17)?
_________________________________________________________________________________
b) Domain has two entries in the dictionary. Which meaning of domain (line 21) is used in the text?
_________________________________________________________________________________
c) What is a domain name?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Vocabulary Expansion
Língua Inglesa 35
d) What does put their stamp on it (line 22) mean?
________________________________________________________________________________
e) Awkward has three meanings in the dictionary. Which meaning of awkward (line 22) is used in the
text?
________________________________________________________________________________
f) What does act your age (line 23) mean?
________________________________________________________________________________
5 What is the meaning of these expressions with act?
a) She isn’t really upset. She’s just putting on an act.
_______________________________________________________________________________
b) He denies all guilt, even though he was caught in the act.
_______________________________________________________________________________
c) If you want to be fi nished by Monday, you’ll have to get your act together.
_______________________________________________________________________________
d) The kids have been acting up again.
_______________________________________________________________________________
COMPREHESION QUESTIONS
1 Answer these questions, in English.
Do you use any of the greetings and farewells mentioned in the text? What greetings and farewells do
you use when you are:
a) speaking? c) using the Internet?
_____________________________________ _____________________________________
b) writing letters? d) texting?
_____________________________________ _____________________________________
2 How is the language you use on the Internet different from when you speak and when you write a letter?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
3 What slang, abbreviations and other language do you use on the Internet, when you are texting?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Vocabulary Expansion
36 Língua Inglesa
LET’S SING
Listen to the song to rearrange the paragraphs. _ey are
scrambled.
_ey Bring Me To You
by Joshua Radin
_e rest of my life can’t compare to this night
and only the heartaches have given me sight,
they bring me to you,
they bring me to you,
they bring me to you,
they bring me to you
Moon pours through the ceiling tonight
embraces us tight
shows me we’re right for each other
and as we lie here and let the world fade away
the sunrise tries to end it while we try to stay.
You looked like the sun
I was the only one
who could stare until you were done shining on me
and as we drank our wine and let the world fade away
the sunrise tried to end it while we tried to stay.
It’s all about the _rst night and last,
some people say
well I love you so much more tonight,
more than yesterday.
_e rest of my life can’t compare to this night
and only the heartaches have given me sight,
they bring me to you,
they bring me to you.
_e rest of my life can’t compare to this night
and only the heartaches have given me sight,
they bring me to you,
they bring me to you,
they bring me to you,
they bring me to you.
Língua Inglesa 37
38 Língua Inglesa
FOCUS ON LANGUAGE – IDIOMS AND SLANGS
Idioms e slangs são muito importantes na linguagem informal. Fazem parte do universo da língua
inglesa, portanto, não podemos excluí-los de nosso aprendizado. A seguir, há oito grupos de idioms. Sua
tarefa é encontrar a explicação correta para cada idiom, tendo como base o contexto em que aparecem.
Nas páginas seguintes, você encontrará de_ nições que lhe serão úteis. Have Fun!!
I Feel Funny
zone out
I think I’ve been working on my
computer too long. I’m starting to zone
out!
meaning
burnt out
Man, I am burnt out! I need some rest!
meaning
all-nighter
Yawn! I need to get some sleep –
I just pulled an all-nighter!
meaning
space cadet
I can’t concentrate on anything these
days. I guess I’m just a space cadet!
meaning
Let’s Get Together
raise the roof
We’re having a party, and we’re going
to raise the roof!
meaning
veg out
We need to relax. Let’s just veg out in
front of the TV.
meaning
shoot hoops
Let’s shoot hoops this weekend!
meaning
http://
http://www
http://www.eslhouse.com/slang
surf the Web
Let’s surf the Web!
meaning
Idioms and slangs
Língua Inglesa 39
Are you OK?
back on your feet
I hope you’re back on your feet as
soon as possible! Get well soon!
meaning
run a fever
I hope you’re not running a fever!
meaning
1 SIX FEET
(about 2 meters) 2
3
4
5
6
six feet under
Hey – are you OK? I haven’t heard
from you in a while. I hope you’re
not six feet under!
meaning
cabin fever
Arggh! I’m going crazy!
I’ve got cabin fever!
meaning
Oh No!
computer bug
Uh oh! I think my new computer
has some bugs.
meaning
lemon
Oh no! My new car is a lemon!
meaning
haywire
Help! Everything has gone
haywire!
meaning
back to the drawing board
Well, that didn’t work. I guess it’s
back to the drawing board!
meaning
Idioms and slangs
40 Língua Inglesa
Hi Friend!
Hey baby!
I think you’re
“all that!”
all that
Hey baby! I think you’re all that!
meaning
keep in touch!
Hi! Let’s keep in touch!
meaning
amigo
Hello, amigo!
meaning
Hey buddy!
high _ ve
Hey buddy! Give me high _ ve!
meaning
Let’s Get Crazy
psyched
Yeaaah! We are psyched!
meaning
THAT‛S RAD!
rad
Cool! _ at is so rad!
meaning
FAIR ST. kooky
You know what? I think you’re
pretty kooky!
meaning
monkey business
Hey! What’s all this monkey
business?
meaning
Idioms and slangs
Língua Inglesa 41
Gross Me Out!
wouldn’t touch that with a
ten-foot pole
What is that? I wouldn’t touch it
with a ten-foot pole!
meaning
b.o.
Man, that is some powerful b.o.!
meaning
snot rocket
Yuck, a snot rocket – that’s really
gross!
meaning
mystery meat
When you’re not sure what you’re
eating… It’s mystery meat!
meaning
Hugs and Kisses
main squeeze
Hey baby! You’re my main squeeze!
meaning
Hey baby!
love handles
Hey baby! You’ve got love handles
- but I like you anyway!
meaning
make out
Hey baby! Let’s make out.
meaning
wrapped around your _ nger
Hey baby! You’ve got me wrapped
around your _ nger!
meaning
From: www.peakenglish.com/slang/slangcard
Idioms and slangs
EXPLANATIONS
We’re having
a party, and
we’re
going to
“raise the
roof!”
raise the roof - to make a lot of noise
and have a lot of fun
Hi!
Let’s “keep in touch!”
keep in touch -
stay in contact, communicate regulary
bug - a problem in a computer or its software
Uh oh!
I think my
new computer
has some
“bugs.”
Hey buddy!
high five - a friendly greeting or way
to say congratulations
Give me “high five”!
amigo - friend, pai, buddy
Hello, amigo! haywire - broken, in a
state of chaos
Help! Everything has
gone “haywire!”
I need to get some sleep -
I just pulled an “all-nighter!”
all-nighter - studying or
working without sleep
Hey baby!
You’ve got me
“wrapped around
your finger!”
wrapped around your finger -
under total control, blindly in love
Idioms and slangs
42 Língua Inglesa
back to the drawing board - start over,
begin again
Well, that didn’t work. I guess it’s
“back to the drawing bord!”
Man, that
is some
powerful
“b.o.!”
b.o. - body odor, a bad smell from the body
I hope you’re “back on your feet” as
soon as possible! Get well soon!
back on your feet - feeling better after a
sickness, healthy again
cabin fever - boredom and restlessness from
from being inside too long
Arggh! I’m going crazy!
I’ve got “cabin fever!”
Hey baby!
I think you’re
“all that!”
all that - wonderful,
excellent, the best
Man, I am “burnt out.”
I need some rest!
burnt out - very tired, worn
out, exhausted
Oh no!
My new
car is a
“lemon!”
lemon - something that doesn’t work very well
FAIR ST. You know
what?
I think you’re pretty “kooky!”
kooky - crazy, wacky, nutty
Idioms and slangs
Língua Inglesa 43
wouldn’t touch it with a ten foot pole -
describes something that is disgusting
and repulsive
What IS that? I wouldn’t touch
it with a ten-foot pole!
I’ve been
working on
my computer
too long. I’m
starting to
“zone out”
zone out - lose concentration,
to dream while working
http://
http://www
http://www.eslhouse.com/slang
Let’s “surf
the Web!”
surf the Web - to use the Internet, to look
at different Web sites
WE need to relax. Let’s just
“veg out” in front of the tv.
veg out - to sit around doing nothing
1 SIX FEET
(about 2 meters) 2
3
4
5
6
Hey - are you OK? I haven’t
heard from you in a while. I hope
you’re not “six feet under!”
six feet under -
dead and buried
Yuck, a “snot rocket” -
that’s really gross! snot rocket -
when you blow your nose
into the air, without a tissue
shoot hoops -
to play baskatball
Let’s “hoot hoops” I can’t concentrate on
anything these days. I guess
I’m just a “space cadet!”
space cadet - someone who
is out of touch with reality
Idioms and slangs
44 Língua Inglesa
Hey baby!
love handles - unsightly
fat around the waist
You’ve got “love handles” -
but I like you anyway!
Hey!
What’s all this “monkey business?”
monkey business -
fooling around, silly behavior
main squeeze - boyfriend or girlfriend,
sweetheart, lover
Hey baby!
You’re
my “main
squeeze!”
make out - to kiss
Let’s “make out.”
When you’re not
sure what you’re
eating...
It’s “mystery
meat!”
mystery meat -
unappealing food of unknown origin
THAT‛S RAD!
Cool!
That is
so “rad”!
rad - excellent, impressive, wonderful, cool
psyched - excited, ready to go, pumped up
Yeaaah!
We are
“psyched!”
run a fever - to have a hogh body
temperature, to be sick
I hope
you’re not
“running a
fever!”
Idioms and slangs
Língua Inglesa 45
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Identify the conditional sentences in the lyrics, and
underline the verb tense combination. What is the idea
expressed?
What If You
by Joshua Radin
What if you
Could wish me away
What if you
Spoke those words today
I wonder if you’d miss me
When I’m gone
It’s come to this, release me
I’ll leave before the dawn
But for tonight
I’ll stay here with you
Yes, for tonight
I’ll lay here with you
But when the sun
Hits your eyes
_rough your window
_ere’ll be nothing you can do
What if you
Could hear this song
What if I
Felt like I belong
I might not be leaving
Oh so soon
Began the night believing
I loved you in the moonlight
So, for tonight
I’ll stay here with you
Yes, for tonight
I’ll lay here with you
But when the sun
Hits your eyes
_rough your window
_ere’ll be nothing you can do
I could’ve treated you better
Better than this
Well, I’m gone, this song’s your letter
Can’t stay in one place
So, for tonight
I’ll stay here with you
Yes, for tonight
I’ll lay here with you
But when the sun
Hits your eyes
_rough your window
_ere’ll be nothing you can do
C
Conditional Sentences – If clauses
Present
Present Factural Conditional ou zero conditional é usado para expressar verdades-gerais e fatos
cientí_ cos. Observe que os exemplos acima se referem ao . A combinação
verbal entre as clauses é simple present + simple present. Também é possível o uso de modal verbs e do
imperativo.
If clause result clause
If you put water in the freezer, it becomes ice.
simple present simple present
If you practice capoeira every day, you can improve quickly.
simple present modal
If you want to operate the machine, read the manual.
simple present imperative
CHECK YOUR COMPREHENSION
Complete the answers using the word or words in capitals.
a) What happens when you heat water to 100ºC? boil
If you heat water to 100ºC, it boils.
b) What does water turn into when you boil it? steam
If you ______________________________________________
c) What happens when you cool the steam? turns back
If you ______________________________________________
d) What happens when you heat a piece of metal? expands
If you ______________________________________________
e) What happens when you freeze a piece of metal? contracts
If you ______________________________________________
f) What happens when you freeze water? expands
If you ______________________________________________
Conditional Sentences
48 Língua Inglesa
Future
If you respect them, they will respect you back.
simple present simple future
Usamos future factual conditional sentences para falarmos sobre algo que acontecerá futuramente, sob
certas condições. Observe que a combinação verbal é simple present + simple future. _ e use of modal
verbs in the result clause is also possible.
If you apologize, she will forgive you.
simple present simple future
If she wants to lose weight, she must go on a diet.
simple present modal
Unless you pay me back, I won’t lend you money.
simple present simple future
Observe o uso de unless, ao invés do if. Unless tem a ideia de a menos que…, por isso a outra clause
vem na negativa.
CHECK YOUR COMPREHENSION
1 Use the words to complete an if – clause about solutions to environmental problems.
Solution A – recycle paper, metal and glass.
a) everyone / recycle paper / companies / not cut down so many trees.
If everyone recycles paper, companies won’t cut down so many trees.
b) everyone / recycle metal and glass / we not waste valuable resources.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
c) everyone / recycle paper, metal and glass / we not produce so much rubbish.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Conditional Sentences
Língua Inglesa 49
Solution B – turn o_ lights, don’t drive so much, insulate your house
d) everyone / turn off unwanted lights / save a lot of electricity
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
e) everyone / walk or cycle / not waste so much oil and petrol
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
f) everyone / insulate their houses / not waste so much energy for heating
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Solution C - use renewable energy
g) countries use more wind and water power, not depend so much on power stations
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
h) countries use power stations less, cause less air pollution
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2 Write the verbs in brackets into the gaps in Conditional I.
a) If l _________ (to learn), l _________ (to pass) the exams.
b) We _____ (not/to swim) if the weather _____
c) If he __________ (to have) a temperature, he ___________ (to see)
d) I __________ (to be) very happy if my friends ___________ (to co)
e) If l ___________ (to earn) a lot of money, I ___________ (to fl y) to
f) If we ___________ (not/to come) home in time, we ___________ (to)
g) The teacher _____________ (not/ to be) happy if I ___________ (to forget)
h) If our class _______________ (to go) to England, I ___________ (to visit)
3 Read this journal entry. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of future factual conditionals. The fi rst
mistake is already corrected. Don’t forget to check punctuation!
want
Should I campaign for student council president? I’ll have to decide soon if I wanted to run. If I’ll
be busy campaigning, I won’t have much time to study. That’s a problem, because I’m not going to
get into a good college if I get good grades this year. On the other hand, there’s so much to do in this
school, and nothing is getting done if Todd Laker becomes president again. A lot of people know that.
But will I know what to do if I’ll get the job? Never mind. I’ll deal with that problem, if I win.
Conditional Sentences
50 Língua Inglesa
Unreal Conditional
If you respected them, they would respect you back.
Simple past Simple conditional
(But you don’t respect them, so they won’t respect you back.)
Usamos present unreal conditional sentences para falarmos
sobre algo irreal, não verdadeiro, imaginário ou impossível,
no presente.
If she loved him, she would marry him.
simple past simple conditional
(But she doesn’t love him, so she won’t marry him.)
If she bought a lottery ticket, she could win.
if clause result clause
(But she doesn’t buy the ticket, so she can’t win.)
I would travel around the world if I had the chance.
result clause if clause
(But I don’t have the chance, so I won’t travel around the world.)
He would help us if he were here.
result clause if clause
(But he is not here)
Note:
1. Podemos começar tanto pela if
clause quanto pela result clause. Essa
regra vale para todas as conditional
sentences.
2. Usamos o simple past tense na if
clause e simple conditional (would
+ base form) na result clause.
3. Podemos usar modal verbs na result
clause. Essa regra também é válida
para as outras conditional sentences.
4. Usamos were para todas as pessoas
quando o verbo na if clause é o to be.
5. Frase começando com if I were you,
... são usadas para dar conselhos.
• If I were you, I wouldn’t lie to her.
Conditional Sentences
Língua Inglesa 51
CHECK YOUR COMPREHENSION
1 True or false. Read each quotation from these “Peanuts” characters. Write T (True) or F (False) for the
statement that follows.
a) Snoopy: If I were a human being, I wouldn’t even own a dog!
___F___ Snoopy is a human being.
b) Lucy to Snoopy: You wouldn’t be so happy if you knew what was going to happen.
_________ Snoopy is happy.
c) Lucy to Linus: If I were you, I’d sleep underneath that tree.
________ Lucy is giving Linus advice.
d) Snoopy to Woodstock: What would you do if you had forty dollars?
________ Woodstock has forty dollars.
e) Snoopy: If I ate one more snowfl ake, I’d turn into a blizzard.
________ Snoopy plans to eat another snowfl ake.
f) Lucy: If we were married, Schroeder’s, I’d come in every morning and dust your piano.
________ Lucy dusts Schroeder’s piano.
2 Complete. Read part of an article about the comic strip Peanuts. Complete it with the correct form of the
verbs in parentheses.
What makes Peanuts so popular? Of course, if it weren’t funny,
people___________ it so much. But Peanuts provides more than
just laughs.
It addresses such universal themes as love, jealousy, loneliness, and hope. If the
characters________________ so real, we ____________ with them. Take Lucy, for example. In
love with the piano-playing Schroeder, Lucy complains, if we ______________ married, and you
_____________ ________________ your golf clubs! If you _______________ a sports car,
I________________ your sports car! If you ________________ a bowler, I ________________
your bowling ball. Without looking up from his piano or missing a beat, Shroeder asks, so? I hate
your piano! Shouts Lucy as she kicks it out from under him. Recognizable behavior? In Peanuts
we see ourselves along with our weaknesses and hopes. But we don’t have to analyze Peanuts
to enjoy it.If it ________________ for comic strips like Peanuts, our lives __________________
a little less fun.
PEANUTS
2. not like
3. (not be) 4. (couldn’t / identify)
5. (be)
1. (not be)
6. (love) 7. (hate) 8. (drive)
9. (hate) 10. (be) 11. (hate)
12. (not be) 13. (might/be)
Conditional Sentences
52 Língua Inglesa
Unreal Conditional
If you had respected them, they would have respected you back.
past perfect conditional perfect
(But you didn’t respect them, so they didn’t respect you back)
Usamos past unreal conditional sentences para falarmos sobre past conditions and results que nunca
ocorreram. A ideia é sempre irreal, de arrependimento, pois nada se pode fazer em relação ao passado.
If you had invited me, I would have come to the party.
if clause result clause
(But you didn’t invite me, so I didn’t come to the party)
I would have met you if I had left 10 minutes earlier.
result clause if clause
(But I didn’t leave earlier; so I didn’t meet you)
CHECK YOUR COMPREHENSION
1 True or false. Read each numbered sentence. Write T (True) or F (False) for the statement that follows.
a) If I had had time, I would have watched House.
T I didn’t have time to watch House.
b) I would have copied the CD if my PC hadn’t broken.
________ I copied the CD.
c) If Giovana hadn’t been there, Marcos might have been disappointed.
________ Giovana was there.
d) George wouldn’t have met Mary if he hadn’t gone to his brother’s birthday party.
________ George didn’t go to the party.
e) Meg would have been happier if she had become an architect.
________ Meg became an architect.
f) The movie wouldn’t have been so good if Mel Gibson hadn’t been in it.
________ Mel Gibson was in the fi lm.
2 Write down three sentences expressing regret. Use the unreal if clause to say about something you
should / shouldn’t have done.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Note:
1. Usamos comma(,) entre as
duas clauses apenas quando
a if clause vem primeiramente.
Essa regra vale para as outras
conditional sentences também.
2. Usamos o past perfect tense
(had + past participle) na if clause
e conditional perfect (would +
have + past participle) na result
clause.
Conditional Sentences
Língua Inglesa 53
LET’S PRACTICE
1 Read the comic strips below to make up conditional sentences. Make sure to use the correct verb tense
combination.
a. If the toy soldier doesn’t get _______________________, he ______________________ to his friend.
SO, WHAT’S IT
LIKE BEING
A CAT?
I WOULDN’T
KNOW...
I’VE NEVER BEEN
AWAKE LONG ENOUGH
TO FIND OUT
b. Garfi eld doesn’t know what it is like being a cat, because he has never been awake long enough to fi nd out.
If Garfi eld had ____________________ he ____________________________ what it is like being in cat.
Peanuts – by Charles M. Schulz
c. Snoopy didn’t realize “worm-listening” was so seasonal.
He wouldn’t have _______________ if he ____________________ that “worm-listening” was so seasonal.
Conditional Sentences
54 Língua Inglesa
Frank & Ernest – by Thanus
d. The woman wishes the fi re came in different colors, so she would buy it.
The woman would ________________________ if it ___________________ in different colors.
e. The dog already knows how to be a dog, so he doesn’t need a dog training academy.
But, he _______________________ a dog training academy if he ___________________ how to be a dog.
2 Write the verbs in their correct tense into the gaps.
a) What would you do if it __________________ on your wedding day? (to rain)
b) If she comes I __________________ you. (to call)
c) If I eat peanut butter I __________________ sick. (to be)
d) What will you do if you __________________ the history exam? (to fail)
e) If they had not __________________ the car I would have driven you. (to crash)
f) If it snows __________________ still drive to the coast? (you)
g) He would have __________________ with you if you had asked him (to play)
h) If I won a million dollars I __________________ my own airplane. (to pilot)
i) If I forget her birthday, Andrea __________________ upset. (to be)
j) Jacob will pick you up at school if it __________________. (to rain)
k) If they __________________ (to have) enough money, they would buy a new house.
l) If it rains, I _______________(not/to play) football.
m) I __________________ (to phone) you if I hadn’t seen you today.
n) We would pass the exam if we __________________ (to learn) more.
o) I __________________ (to go) to the party if you come with me.
p) If they __________________ (to buy) the cat, their children would have been sick.
q) You’ll catch a cold if you __________________ (not/to wear) a pullover.
Conditional Sentences
Língua Inglesa 55
3 Fill up the gaps writh the correct if-clause.
a) (If/when) __________________ I leave work, I usually go to the fi tness center to work out.
b) She hates TV. She thinks television is a waste of time. (If/When) ___________she watches any
television at all, it is usually a documentary or a news program.
4 Circle the letter of the correct answer to complete each sentence.
Jennifer never ____________________ co_ ee. A B C D
a) drink b) drinks c) is drinking d) was drinking
a) If you __________ a headache, you should take an aspirin. A B C D
a) ’ll have b) had c) have d) are having
b) I wish we __________ a bigger house. This one is too small. A B C D
a) have b) had c) would have d) had had
c) __________ it rains very hard, the streets fl ood. A B C D
a) If b) Always c) During d) Unless
d) We’ll be late unless we __________ now. A B C D
a) leave b) don’t leave c) had left d) have left
e) What would Tom do if he __________ the truth? A B C D
a) would know b) has known c) knows d) knew
f) If I __________ you, I’d call and apologize. A B C D
a) am b) would be c) were d) was
g) If I __________ you were sick, I would have called sooner. A B C D
a) have known b) had known c) would have known d) know
h) If you want to go skiing in the South, __________ to Black mountain. A B C D
a) you so b) you’ll go c) go d) went
i) Jennifer has trouble with college math. She wishes she _______ more in high school. A B C D
a) studies b) has studied c) had studied d) studied
j) If we invited you, would you come? A B C D
Of course I __________.
a) do b) am c) would have d) would
k) Jake will win the election if he __________ harder. A B C D
a) campaigns b) would campaign c) will campaign d) campaigned
l) If you __________ told us about the bad service, we would have eaten there. A B C D
a) didn’t b) wouldn’t have c) haven’t d) hadn’t
Conditional Sentences
ARTLESS
The bizarre thefts of two bizarre paintings
By Paulie G.
On Aug. 22, 2004, Valgerd Svarstad Haugland,
Norway’s minister of culture and church affairs, made
a shocking announcement: The Scream – one of the
world’s most famous paintings – had been stolen. Again.
A little more than 10 years after thieves made off with
another version of the masterpiece, another group had
come along and pilfered Edvard Munch’s best-known
painting (Munch created four copies of The Scream, all of
them highly valuable). So if those works of art are so valuable, you may be asking yourself,
how come the museum offi cials can’t seem to keep them out of the gloved hands of greedy
criminals?
The Scream is diffi cult to keep safe partly because it’s such a tempting target. Although some critics
hated The Scream at fi rst, the image struck a chord with the general public – if you’re having a bad day,
this is one painting you can relate to. It has been reproduced countless times on everything from posters to
coffee mugs.
When it was stolen in 1994, The Scream was valued at more than $70 million – enough to get the
attention of your typical art thief.
In movies, the heist of a valuable painting is usually pulled off by a team of highly skilled professionals
clad in black and wearing night-vision goggles. They hack into sophisticated, computerized alarm systems
and slip past laser motion detectora with ninja-like grace. In real life, art heists are seemingly less complicated
than all that.
Stolen... Again!
Consider the case of Vincenzo Peruggia, a workman who, in 1911, pulled off what’s still regarded as
the greatest art heist in history, the thelft of the Mona Lisa. Peruggia was upset because so many Italian
paintings were on display in the Louvre in Paris. He waited until the room was empty, yanked Mona off the
wall, stuffed the canvas under his smock, and walked out. It was two years before the world’s most famous
painting was recovered.
But even in modern times, the simplest methods have often worked the best. At Scotland’s Drumlanring
Castle in 2003, two men who where part of a tour group snatched Madonna with the Yarnwinder after
overpowering a guard and fl ed the building; the painting, valued at $65 million, wasn’t found for several
years. A few years earlier, in the wee hours of New Year’s Day in 2000, someone stole a $5 million painting
called The Fence by Paul Cezanne from a museum at Oxford University in England. The thief escaped by
mixing in with the party gathered outside.
Both thefts of The Scream were almost comically easy. On Feb. 12, 1994, at around 6:30 in the morning,
two men propped a ladder against a wall of the National Gallery in Oslo. One scrambled to the top, smashed
a window, and entered the darkened museum near where the painting, about 2 feet by 3 feet, was hung.
The thief plucked it off the wall, heaved it to his accomplice, then climbed back down. The Scream was
gone. The crime had taken less than a minute.
The thieves were captured on videotape (the guard on duty walked right past the video monitors as the
theft was in progress). Police also found wire cutters and a postcard with a snotty message written on the
back: “Thanks for the poor security.”
Ten years later, the thieves were much more daring – and dangerous. On a bright Sunday afternoon, as
visitors milled about, two armed, masked men walked into the Munch Museum in Oslo. They grabbed The
Scream and Madonna, another Munch painting and fl ed.
Fom:www.weeklyreader.com/read vol.59 - september 18, 2009
CULTURE CORNER
56
Culture Corner
Língua Inglesa
COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS
Scan the text Artless to answer the questions.
A. O texto informa sobre quatro telas famosas que foram roubadas. Quais são estas quatro telas, quando
foram roubadas e por quanto foram avaliadas?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
B. Quantas cópias da tela The Scream, Munch criou? Como o texto explica o fato desta tela ter sido roubada
mais de uma vez?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
C. Como o ladrão da Mona Lisa agiu? Quanto tempo levou para a tela ser recuperada?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
D. O que ocorreu em 12 de fevereiro de 1994?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
E. Alguma tela foi recuperada e o ladrão preso? Qual(is)?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
WRITING
You are at a big and important museum which keeps some of the most famous and expensive paintings.
You have noticed some people with suspicious behaviour. Since it might be dangerous to speak, write
down a short notice to the museum offi cials, warning them about it.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Língua Inglesa 57
58 Língua Inglesa
EXTENSION
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
PAS – Programa de Ingresso por Avaliação
Seriada – 2ª Etapa 25 de novembro de 2007
BRAIN FOODS
A new study links artifi cial food dyes and
preservatives to an increase in hyperactivity in
kids By Sarah Kliff
Newsweek: Sept. 7, 2007 (Adapted)
Could a modern diet
full of artifi cial coloring
and preservatives be
contributing to hyperactivity
in children?
Researchers found
that when kids (ages 3, 8,
and 9) increased their consumption of artifi cial
colors, dyes and preservatives found in popular
foods like candy and soft drinks, their behavior
became progressively more hyperactive. But
do the fi ndings suggest that removing artifi cial
dyes, colors and preservatives could reduce
the growing incidence of attention defi cit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? Not necessarily.
Eugene Arnold, emeritus professor of psychiatry
at Ohio State University talked about what the
new research means for parents and the food
industry.
Research on the link between food additives
and hyperactivity goes back about 30 years, but
this study is different from the others because it’s
the fi rst where they didn’t attempt to just study
kids who had a problem with hyperactivity or
behavior.
They went out and asked for everyone in
a certain school to participate, so the sample
is much more representative. There are huge
economic issues involved with food preservatives.
Preservatives make the food supply safer
and reduce costs because they make foods
less perishable. If we take preservatives out
we would have to balance against the cost in
terms of money and also the public health cost in
terms of food contamination. The food colorings
would have very little economic impact except
for manufacturers of the dyes. Right now no
company can afford to give up food coloring
because they would lose to the competition. As
for artifi cial additives, that means things such as
refi ned sugar and popsicles aren’t so great. But
these are all things that are not an essential food
group.
In practical terms, you might reduce the
hyperactivity of the average child by a small
amount. That could add up to a huge amount
in terms of a school atmosphere or learning
environment. If every kid in the classroom is a
little more subdued and more focused on their
work then that could change things.
Questão no 1
Verifi que os elementos de coesão textual but,
because, and also, such as e or, destacados no
texto, e escolha a alternativa que indica a relação
que eles estabelecem entre as proposições que
ligam, respectivamente:
m) condição; exemplifi cação; adição;
exemplifi cação; alternância.
n) ênfase; exemplifi cação; sequência; resumo;
condição.
o) contraste; causa; exemplifi cação; série ou
sequência; alternância.
p) contraste; causa; adição; exemplifi cação;
alternância.
q) alternância; condição; adição; exemplifi cação;
adição.
Questão no 2
Os adjetivos increased, artifi cial, different,
huge e essential, destacados no texto, têm como
formas opostas, respectivamente:
a) decreased; natural; the same; tiny;
unnecessary;
b) discreased; natural; the same; very small;
necessary;
c) decreased; unnatural; equal; giant;
unnecessary;
d) uncreased; disartifi cial; unequal; tiny;
unnecessary;
e) decreased; disartifi cial; the same; tiny;
disnecessary.
Questão no 3
Com base no texto, analise as afi rmativas,
assinalando F para as falsas e V para as
verdadeiras. Em seguida, assinale a sequência
correta:
I) ( ) Colorantes e conservantes artifi ciais
utilizados em alimentos podem contribuir para o
aumento de hiperatividade em crianças.
II) ( ) Os problemas econômicos que envolvem
a questão dos colorantes e conservantes em
alimentos e a hiperatividade em crianças são
insignifi cantes.
III) ( ) O estudo da relação entre hiperatividade
infantil e o consumo de colorantes e conservantes
em alimentos tem sido desenvolvido nos últimos
30 anos.
Extension
Língua Inglesa 59
IV) ( ) Mesmo que haja uma redução
pequena na hiperatividade das crianças em
geral, o benefício obtido será signifi cativo, se
considerarmos a questão em termos de uma
sala de aula.
V) ( ) A diminuição do consumo de colorantes
e conservantes em alimentos leva também a
uma diminuição considerável na hiperatividade
das crianças.
a) F V F V F c) F F V V V
b) V F V V F d) F V F F V
c) V F V F F
Questão no 4
Garfi eld site: june 15/2007
Assinale a única afi rmação que não pode
ser comprovada no texto lido:
a) A namorada de Jon sabe que está sendo
difícil para Garfi eld seguir a dieta.
b) Garfi eld não conseguiu controlar sua fome e
comeu a carteira da namorada de Jon.
c) A namorada de Jon está procurando sua
carteira.
d) A namorada de Jon parou de fazer dieta.
e) Devido à dieta que Garfi eld está fazendo, a
namorada de Jon oferece-lhe apoio moral.
UNESP/CG-Prova Objetiva
Questão 5
No palco, o diretor pode não conseguir
focalizar a atenção da plateia na ação que deseja
sublinhar; no cinema isso jamais pode acontecer.
Sempre levando em consideração todo o
contexto, assinale a alternativa que encerra
o mesmo argumento presente nas frases que
constituem o período acima.
a) O diretor de teatro impõe à plateia o seu ponto
de vista; no cinema isso jamais pode acontecer.
b) No teatro o espectador olha para onde quer;
no cinema, também pode olhar para qualquer
ponto do que está na tela.
c) No teatro, a atenção da plateia nem sempre
vai para onde o diretor deseja; no cinema, o foco
da atenção é sempre previamente escolhido pelo
diretor.
d) O diretor de teatro pode perder a atenção
da plateia para certos pormenores, enquanto o
diretor de cinema, por não estar presente, não
faz ideia de como os espectadores reagirão.
e) No palco, o diretor pode não conseguir dirigir
a atenção da plateia para a ação que deseja
sublinhar; no cinema essa condução da atenção
também jamais pode acontecer.
Questão 6
A infl uência da língua inglesa sobre as demais,
em todo o globo, se revela particularmente no
vocabulário. No texto apresentado, temos dois
exemplos: câmera, cujo emprego alternativo
a câmara ocorre por infl uência da língua
inglesa; e close-up, expressão da linguagem
cinematográfi ca emprestada da língua inglesa e
para a qual o português não tem um substituto
totalmente adequado.
Com base nesta informação, aponte a
alternativa que contém o melhor entendimento
de close-up na passagem em que surge.
a) Tomada em que a câmera focaliza um grande
número de assuntos ou objetos.
b) A câmera focaliza apenas uma parte do
assunto ou objeto.
c) A câmera focaliza alguns aposentos de cima.
d) A câmera procura mostrar do alto todas as
pessoas que se movem na cena.
e) Tomada em que a câmera focaliza todo o
cenário.
Instrução: Para responder as questões de
números 7 a 11, leia o texto Introducing E-Jets,
produzido para um folheto de propaganda dos
aviões da Embraer.
Introducing E-jets
Introducing E-jets, a family of four new-generation aircraft
designed specifi cally to serve market opportunities in the
emerging 70 to 120-seat capacity segment.
Entirely redesigned, our E-jets are not simply stretched
versions of smaller aircraft platforms. Nor are they scaled down
derivatives of larger models. Embraer E-jets are engineered from
the ground up to maximize passenger comfort and operating
effi ciency. It’s a new concept in commercial air transport that
blurs the line between regional jets and mainline aircrafts.
E-jets are designed around integral aviation principles;
Engineering, Effi ciency, Ergonomics and Economics.
So if you’re _______________ for a jet that _______________
redefi ne the future of aviation, look ________________
Embraer.
THE ANSWER IS E.
Extension
60 Língua Inglesa
Questão 7
Com base no texto, analise as seguintes
afi rmações:
I) Os aviões da Embraer são mais adequados
para voos regionais.
II) Os aviões da Embraer foram projetados a
partir de projetos de aviões de pequeno porte.
III) Os aviões da Embraer foram projetados a
partir de projetos de aviões de grande porte.
IV) Os aviões da Embraer são adequados para
voos regionais e para voos mais longos.
V) Os aviões da Embraer de nova geração
transportam entre 70 e 120 passageiros.
Está correto apenas o contido em
a) III. d) I, II e V.
b) IV e V. e) II, III e IV.
c) I e IV.
Questão 8
A expressão stretched versions, utilizada no
segundo parágrafo,
a) se opõe à expressão scaled down derivatives.
b) indica que o tamanho dos aviões foi reduzido.
c) indica que a capacidade dos aviões foi
expandida.
d) indica que a produção dos aviões foi
expandida.
e) enfatiza a expressão smaller aircraft platforms.
.
Questão 9
A expressão blurs the line, utilizada no fi nal
do segundo parágrafo, indica que
a) há uma diferença clara entre regional jets e
mainline aircraft.
b) se propõe um novo conceito para a aviação
regional.
c) se propõe uma linha de produção de aviões
maiores.
d) tornou-se difícil distinguir com clareza a
diferença entre regional jets e mainline aircraft.
e) o conceito de aviação comercial deve ser
renovado.
Questão 10
Os termos que designam os quatro princípios
no terceiro parágrafo do texto provavelmente
foram utilizados como uma estratégia de gênero
de propaganda, porque
a) se referem especifi camente à produção de
aviões.
b) todos iniciam com a letra e.
c) se referem a condições específi cas para os
passageiros.
d) são palavras parecidas com os termos
equivalentes em português.
e) resumem as informações contidas no
parágrafo anterior do texto.
Questão 11
Assinale a alternativa cujas palavras podem
ser utilizadas para completar os espaços no
último parágrafo do texto:
a) looked ... will ... for
b) fl ying ... can ... for
c) fl own ... will ... at
d) fl ying ... can ... at
e) looking ... will ... to
Instrução: Leia o artigo sobre o time
norte-americano de futebol Jets e responda às
questões de números 12 a 16 com base no texto.
Hey Jet Fans; Don’t Count
Your Chickens Just Yet!
This has been quite the off-season for us
Jets fans. After a heart breaking end to the 2008
season, we have seen our team make for some
seemingly huge strides.
Eric Mangini has moved on to Cleveland...
gas can and matches in hand. Rex ‘Son of
Buddy’ Ryan has stepped into the head coaching
role, bringing defensive stars Bart Scott and Jim
Leonhard with him.
These additions immediately put the Jets
defense back on the radar. More importantly, he
brought a bit of swagger and a bit of a chip on his
shoulder. Something this team has been sorely
lacking for way too long.
Sports are as much about ego and attitude as
they are about physical skills and attributes. The
mono tone stylings of Eric Mangini did nothing to
impress or inspire players, media or fans.
Things certainly seem to be looking up for
this team and its fans. Or are they?
Despite all outward appearances, this is a
team that is still only one bad break away from
disaster. Several key positions are still fl oating in
limbo.
The Jets are way too thin at way too many
positions to truly be successful. Both the defensive
and offensive lines, parts of the secondary and,
of course, the tight ends are so thin that one
injury could sink the entire boat.
Despite all appearances, I’m actually
extremely optimistic about the coming season.
There are a lot of good things happening with this
team too. Unfortunately, there are also a lot of
questions.
www.ganggreennation.com/2009/5/16/877030 - Adaptado.
Extension
Língua Inglesa 61
Questão 12
O título do texto contém parte de um provérbio
em inglês, provérbio esse conhecido também no
Brasil. Pelo conteúdo do texto, pode-se inferir
que o provérbio foi utilizado no título porque
a) no futebol, não se pode utilizar cálculos
matemáticos para prever o resultado de uma
partida.
b) o novo goleiro do time certamente não vai
“engolir frangos”.
c) a confi guração de um time de futebol não
garante que o time vai ser vencedor.
d) um time de futebol não pode contar com
jogadores que sejam fracos.
e) o número de gols que o time fará depende da
atitude positiva de seus jogadores.
Questão 13
A função de Eric Mangini no time Jets era de
a) jogador atacante.
b) jogador da defesa.
c) jogador da reserva.
d) fi sioterapeuta.
e) técnico.
Questão 14
No contexto do artigo, a expressão sink the
entire boat, no penúltimo parágrafo, é utilizada
para enfatizar as informações apresentadas no
parágrafo sobre a
a) impossibilidade de o time vencer.
b) pequena possibilidade de o time vencer.
c) fragilidade do time.
d) possibilidade de o time vencer.
e) aparência física dos jogadores.
Questão 15
Assinale a alternativa correta.
a) O time de futebol americano Jets saiu-se bem
na temporada de 2008.
b) Bart Scott e Jim Leonhard não são
considerados bons jogadores.
c) O autor do texto considera que o time
certamente será vencedor.
d) Ainda não se sabe quais jogadores assumirão
posições importantes no time.
e) O time de futebol americano Jets reúne todas
as chances de vencer na próxima temporada.
Questão 16
Utilizou-se a oração there are also a lot of
questions no fi nal do texto porque
a) há problemas no time Jets que precisam ser
solucionados.
b) não se sabe se o time jogará na próxima
temporada.
c) os jogadores do time Jets não estão em boas
condições físicas.
d) os torcedores não veem o time com bons
olhos.
e) os torcedores questionam a confi guração
atual do time.
Check the correct alternative.
17 We must leave immediately!
Our teacher said ________ leave immediately.
a) we had to
c) not to
b) we have to
d) she must
18 Hi, Bob. Did you take the job?
Bob’s friend asked him ________ the job.
a) did he take
c) if the had taken
b) did you take
d) had he taken
19 He said, Can you do it? and I said, No. O discurso
indireto correspondente é:
He ___ me ___ I ___ do it and I ___ that I ___.
a) said – if – can – said – may not
d) asked – whether – could – said – couldn’t
b) asked – whether – can – told – can’t
e) said – if – could – answered – could not
c) told – whether – can – told – no
20 (UNB) A forma de linguagem indireta do texto:
_ ey said to me: Do you know which glass you
used? _ ey __ me if I __ which glass I __.
a) told – knew – used
d) told – have known – have used
b) asked – knew – had used
e) said – know – used
c) asked – had known – have used
Extension
62 Língua Inglesa
21 They said to us, We’ll go tomorrow no matter what happens.
_ ey ____ us they ____ no matter what happened.
a) asked – would have gone – the next day d) said – will go – the next day
b) said – go – tomorrow e) told – would go – the following day
c) told – had gone – the previous day
22 Mary said to him, What do you want? Mary asked him ____.
a) if he didn´t want d) what he wanted
b) what did he want e) what did he wanted
c) if he wanted
23 The teacher said, Stay here!
a) The teacher told me to stay there. d) He told me: stay here!
b) The teacher said to me stay. e) He tells to me stay here.
c) The teacher said: stay here!
24 Hi, Bob. Did you take the job? Bob’s friend asked him ____ the job.
a) did he take c) if he had taken
b) did you take d) had he taken
25 Fill up the gaps using the correct if-clause.
a) If I (have) __________________ enough money, I (go) __________________ on safari to
Kenya. However, my bank account is empty!
b) I love to travel! When I (have) ______________ enough money, I (go) ____________
abroad I do it almost every year.
c) I really wanted to go on safari to Kenya with my friends, but I couldn’t afford to go. If I (have)
_________________ enough money, I (go) __________________ with them.
d) I’m sorry, I didn’t know you were allergic to chocolate. If I (know) ________________, I (make)
_________________ you a vanilla birthday cake.
e) Stop asking me what Amanda bought you for Christmas. Even if I (know) _____________ what she
bought you, I (tell, not) __________ you.
f) Nobody here speaks English. Too bad Gloria isn’t here. If she (be) ______________ with
us, she (can) ___________ act as our interpreter.
g) I am afraid I won’t be able to come to your wedding next week because my company is sending
me to New York to attend a trade show. I (miss, never) _____________ your wedding if I
(have) _______________ a choice in the matter.
h) If the weather is nice tomorrow, she (walk) ________________ along the river to school.
i) If you help me move tomorrow, I (treat) _______________ you to a dinner and a movie.
j) If you were to help me move tomorrow, I (treat) _______________ you to a dinner and a movie.
k) If I were in Tahiti right now, I (snorkel) _______________ along a beautiful reef. I wouldn’t
be stuck here in this offi ce with mountains of paperwork.
l) If Jerry hadn’t stopped to pick up that quarter, he (cross) _____________ the street
when the bus ran the red light. He might have been killed!
m) Tina’s train arrived ahead of schedule. If I hadn’t decided to go to the train station early, she
(wait) __________________ there for more than twenty minutes before I arrived.
n) If I (pass) ______________ the test, I (get) ___________________ an A in the class.
Instead, I got a C. I really should have studied more.
o) If I (be) __________________ rich, I (buy) __________________ that new Mercedes we saw
yesterday. Unfortunately, I can’t even afford a used car.
Extension
Língua Inglesa 63
26 Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are
marked A, B, C, and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined word or phrase that is not correct.
Mike usually drives to school, but today he walks. A B C D
A B C D
A. If you had been here yesterday, you would have see Jean. A B C D
A B C D
B. I wish our family could of taken vacations when we were younger. A B C D
A B C D
C. Unless we work harder, we will fi nish on time. A B C D
A B C D
D. If I will have to make a diffi cult decision, I always discuss it with my friends. A B C D
A B C D
E. If Lara is older, she would try to get a job in California. A B C D
A B C D
F. We could had done more if we had had more time. A B C D
A B C D
G. We ate outside tomorrow unless it rains. A B C D
A B C D
H. I would take the job if I am you. A B C D
A B C D
I. What would you do if you will won the lottery? A B C D
A B C D
J. It’s hot, so you will feel better, if you drink more water. A B C D
A B C D
K. If I had set my alarm clock, I woulda gotten up on time. A B C D
A B C D
L. If I have to fl y, I would get very nervous, so I usually drive. A B C D
A B C D
M. Lynn wishes she had a bigger apartment and can buy a car. A B C D
A B C D
Extension
GRAMMAR
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